<div data-md-url="https://i.cnblogs.com/Edit@R_404_5963@.aspx?postID=10029960">
<h1 ID="-" >一.理解工厂模式
<blockquote >
<p >在面向对象编程中，术语“工厂”表示一个负责创建替他类型对象的类。通常情况下，作为一个工厂的类有一个对象以及与它关联的多个方法。客户端使用某些参数调用此方法，之后，工厂会据此创建所需类型的对象，然后将它们返回给客户端。
abc ABCMeta,abstractmethod<span ><span >class
<span >Coke<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
<span >pass<span ><span >class <span >Coca<span >(Coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Coca-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi<span >(Coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Pepsi-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Fast_food_restaurant<span >():
<span ><span >def <span >make_coke<span >(self,name):
<span >return eval(name)()
KCD=Fast_food_restaurant()
coke=KCD.make_coke(<span >'Coca')
coke.drink()<span >#drink Coca-Cola
<p >ABCMeta是python的一个元类，用于在Python程序中创建抽象基类，抽象基类中声明的抽象方法，使用abstractmethod装饰器装饰。
<p >eval（类名）返回的是一个class类型的对象
<p >我们建立一个可乐的抽象类，百事可乐和可口可乐继承这个抽象类，我们又建立了快餐店类，也就是所说的工厂类，让它生产可乐。当用户需要可乐时，只需要告诉快餐店做一份什么品牌的可乐，告诉快餐店可乐的名字，然后快餐店使用make_coke方法做可乐，返回了你所需要的对象——一杯可口可乐，然后就可以快乐的喝可乐了。。
<h3 ID="2-" >2.工厂方法模式
<p >简单工厂模式已经帮我们做到我们需要某种对象时，可以不关心对象是怎么创建的，只需要向工厂类要对象即可，但是如果我们又多了一种对象，例如又出现了一个可乐品牌，嗯，我们叫它sfencs可乐吧，那么我们快餐店也得新添加这种可乐，也就是工厂类也得能够创建sfencs可乐对象了，但是这样就得在工厂类中加入新的逻辑判断来根据用户需求制造新添加的这个对象，显然是不恰当的，因为这样每当有一个新的类型的可乐增加的时候，我们都得修改工厂类的逻辑代码，使之能够判断出新的类型。这个问题使用工厂方法模式可以得到解决。
<p >这里有一个小问题，如上面的简单工厂模式的代码，如果要新加sfencs可乐，似乎并不需要修改快餐店工厂类，只需要在sfencs可乐类定义之后，依然向make_coke函数传递类名即可，那这样岂不是不需要工厂方法模式了吗？
<p >对于这个现象，其实是得益于eval()函数的功能，它能依据传入的字符串转换成相应的类，也就是eval函数就是工厂类的逻辑判断，如果不使用eval，那么逻辑判断可能就是多个if语句了，判断条件就是输入的字符串参数是否等于这个，是否等于那个。。。等。但是eval使用也有很大的局限性，它只能根据字符串来判断，我们不一定创建对象时都知道它的类名。除此之外，个人感觉eval这个函数有点厉害，越厉害就有可能造成不必要的麻烦，eval使用时还是得多注意。
<p >接下来介绍工厂方法模式：
<span >Coke<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
<span >pass<span ><span >class <span >Coca<span >(Coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Coca-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi<span >(Coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Pepsi-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Sfencs<span >(Coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Sfencs-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Fast_food_restaurant<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >make_coke<span >(self):
<span >pass
<span ><span >class <span >Coca_produce<span >(Fast_food_restaurant):
<span ><span >def <span >make_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Coca()
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi_produce<span >(Fast_food_restaurant):
<span ><span >def <span >make_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Pepsi()
<span ><span >class <span >Sfencs_produce<span >(Fast_food_restaurant):
<span ><span >def <span >make_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Sfencs()
KCD=Sfencs_produce()
coke=KCD.make_coke()
coke.drink()<span >#drink Sfencs-Cola
<p >工厂方法模式将原来的工厂类变为了抽象类，不同类型的可乐通过不同的子类生产，也就是工厂方法模式定义了一个创建对象的接口，但具体创建哪个类的对象由子类来决定，这种方式的逻辑判断相当于交给了客户端，也就是KCD=Sfencs_produce()来选择使用哪个子类，这样如果有新可乐产品出现的话，只需要再写一个子类继承工厂抽象类。
<p >这里的类中，快餐店抽象类也叫做抽象工厂类，它的子类称为具体工厂类。可乐也一样，Coke为抽象产品类，它的子类为具体产品类。
<h3 ID="3-" >3.抽象工厂模式
<p >抽象工厂模式的主要目的是提供一个接口来创建一系列相关对象而无需指定具体的类。这个模式与与工厂方法模式的区别在于，它的一个方法子类，可以创建一系列的对象。
<p >依然用可乐来举例，只喝普通的可乐还不足以让我们非常快乐，那么如果有一杯冰可乐，想必就能满足我们了。
<p >于是我们的抽象产品类变为了两个，一个是冰可乐，一个是普通可乐，具体产品类有百事冰可乐、可口可乐冰可乐，普通百事，普通可口可乐。抽象工厂类有生产冰可乐和生产普通可乐的抽象方法，具体工厂类有百事工厂，可口可乐工厂。
<span >Ice_coke<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
<span >pass<span ><span >class <span >Ordinary_coke<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
<span >pass
<span ><span >class <span >Coca_ice<span >(Ice_coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Coca-ice-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi_ice<span >(Ice_coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Pepsi-ice-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Coca_ordinary<span >(Ordinary_coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Coca-ordinary-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi_ordinary<span >(Ordinary_coke):
<span ><span >def <span >drink<span >(self):
print(<span >'drink Pepsi-ordinary-Cola')
<span ><span >class <span >Fast_food_restaurant<span >(Metaclass=ABCMeta):
<span >@abstractmethod
<span ><span >def <span >make_ice_coke<span >(self):
<span >pass
<span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-decorator">@abstractmethod</span><span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-function" https://m.jb51.cc/tag/color/" target="_blank" >color</a>: #bbdaff;"><span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-keyword" https://m.jb51.cc/tag/color/" target="_blank" >color</a>: #ebbbff;">def</span> <span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-<a href="https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Title/" target="_blank" >Title</a>" https://m.jb51.cc/tag/color/" target="_blank" >color</a>: #7285b7;">make_ordinary_coke</span><span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-p<a href="https://www.jb51.cc/tag/ara/" target="_blank" >ara</a>ms" https://m.jb51.cc/tag/color/" target="_blank" >color</a>: #ffc58f;">(self)</span>:</span> <span https://m.jb51.cc/tag/Js/" target="_blank" >Js</a>-keyword" https://m.jb51.cc/tag/color/" target="_blank" >color</a>: #ebbbff;">pass</span>
<span ><span >class <span >Coca_produce<span >(Fast_food_restaurant):
<span ><span >def <span >make_ice_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Coca_ice()
<span ><span >def <span >make_ordinary_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Coca_ordinary()
<span ><span >class <span >Pepsi_produce<span >(Fast_food_restaurant):
<span ><span >def <span >make_ice_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Pepsi_ice()
<span ><span >def <span >make_ordinary_coke<span >(self):
<span >return Pepsi_ordinary()
KCD=Coca_produce()
coke=KCD.make_ice_coke()
coke.drink()<span >#drink Coca-ice-Cola
<p >这样再有其他类型的可乐或者其他品牌的可乐，只需要添加方法或者类就可以了。
<p >参考《Python设计模式（第2版）》
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@H502_256@ 总结
以上是内存溢出为你收集整理的python设计模式之工厂模式全部内容，希望文章能够帮你解决python设计模式之工厂模式所遇到的程序开发问题。
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